Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information mangment - Essay Example Technology has changed a lot; from the way people manage their information to the way data is stored and also to the way it is distributed among people. Why the topic is important This topic is important because many people are not aware that they manage information in more than one way every day. Information management does not only involve the collection and management of data from different sources (Beynon-Davies, 56, 2009). It also involves the distribution of this information to one or more different other sources or individuals. Information management in business is used to do different things. The information management software is used to assist in running the business. An information management software in business helps connect a business with access to database servers, business intelligence, management of contents and also the protection of data from other sources that might cause data discrepancy. My argument in this essay Information management is an issue that is very important in business and the whole world as a general since it enables the secure storage of data, collection and management and also the distribution (McAfee, 300, 2009). Without information management, there would be an unstable system of business, technology and living as a whole. The essence of this essay will be to center on the significance of data technology in business and life as a general. Most people overlook the concept of information technology as something that would not aid them in their day to day lives. When it comes to developing data and managing it, it is very crucial that there be a source to which one can manage the data. Theories Since management means the overall organization, control, planning, structure and organization, controlling, processing, evaluating and reporting of all the information actions that transpire daily, it is then safe to say that information technology helps to meet client objectives and enable corporate functions in the delivery of inf ormation to people. In information management, there are numerous stipulations used in explaining the term. There is information retrieval, information seeking, knowledge organization, and the society. Without these four key aspects, then information management would cease to have meaning. Information management has been taken into an assumption by many, and the purpose of this essay is to show individuals that information management involves a lot than people may think. In an organization, the ability to process certain information brings out the power of a company to perform. An organization’s ability to process information strengthens a company’s core and management practices. Taking a look at social media, the quantity of data that is substituted in a single second can illustrate the level of management of data that is used. Social media is a networking site that enables people to interrupt with each other and share things like photos, videos, information pertainin g to themselves and many more stuff. Much information that is exchanged and also a lot of information are stored in the servers since social media’s contain a lot of people (Boddy, Boonstra & Kennedy, 100, 2005). With such information, it is crucial that an information management system be used to deal with all the data in the servers. Data pertaining to the people of social networks, the information that they exchange on a daily basis is stored in secure locations so as to maintain the

The real estate sector Essay Example for Free

The real estate sector Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project is never an individual effort of a person whose name has appeared on the cover page. A successful project requires proper guidance, proper time, energy, efforts, patience and knowledge. First of all I am deeply grateful to Dr. Manjula Shastri whose help, valuable suggestions, encouragement and guidance helped me in preparation and writing of the report. I want to thank the staff of Piyush Group who spends their valuable time to give me the important data regarding my project. I would also like to express my gratitude to everyone who gave me the possibility to complete my summer internship report. This Project has given me an insight of the Real Estate Industry and the competition between different Real Estate Group. The completion of the Project has made me aware of the Research Procedures and the complexities that can arose during the process. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In India, Real Estate business is believed to be a sale and purchase of the property on the market with the assistance of real estate brokers/agents. However with the entrant of large Real Estate Groups like PIYUSH, RPS INFINIA, DLF, ANSALS, SIKKA, OMAXE, SUPERTECH etc. the scenario has completely changed. The sector has now become well organized with the groups performing well in the sector. They are well established corporate who have  efficient marketing strategy for facing changing democratic and environmental scenario. Liberalization has given the real estate sector a very attractive approach for investment and growth. Moreover government has opened the path to FDI and Public Private Partnership (PPP) for major infrastructural and development projects in NCR. The NCR alone are the core of major real estate activity in India. Although infrastructure has been hit by rising input costs and delayed approvals, assest prices for residential real estate have recovered and grown over the past two years. The increase in residential assest prices have given to a prospective fizz, causing stagnation over the past two quarters. Various real estate players have the business strategy of capturing major market through their different commercial and residential projects in NCR (areas surrounding Delhi). Therefore cities like Faridabad, Noida and Gurgaon are the best place to live or to invest in it. TABLE OF CONTENT PARTICULARS Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Executive Summary Objective and Scope of the Study Research Methodology Introduction Company Profile Current Scenario of Real Estate Business Growth Prospect of Real Estate Business in NCR The Major Players of Real Estate Business in NCR Competitive Analysis Conclusion Bibliography OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of this summer internship project is the study of Real Estate Sector  in NCR with reference to Commercial and Residential Projects and what is it’s over all impact on the changing Indian economy .This project will also put light on a changing trend and new area developing for realtors in NCR region with their price components both launching and pre launching price of the property. Objective 1: To study the current project of Piyush Group Objective 2: To study the growth prospects of Real Estate Business in NCR. Objective 3: To understand how one should go about selecting the Real Estate Projects. Objective 4: To study and do the competitive analysis of Piyush Group SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research is important to prospective real estate investor, students, entrepreneurs and developers who are having stakes in different small and mid size project in NCR. This may be of special interest to marketing students who would like to know more about the practical step- by- step side of marketing world, rather than only the theoretical aspects taught in business schools Research Methodology The methodology which was opted for the project is as follows: 1. Description of the Research This research on will consist of exploratory research as well as conclusive research. It begins with a hypothesis, and to arrive at a conclusion, which includes secondary data as well as information from case data and questionnaire. 2. Data Collection Methods The Sources of secondary data that are used are Libraries resource center Internet Sites Books, News papers, Magazines Journal Trade promotion council Organization The method of primary data collection is Questionnaires Direct Interviews 3. Field work The fieldwork in this project consisted of data collection through taking the interviews and getting the questionnaires filled up. 4. Analysis Finally interpretation will be drawn from the analysis of the information gathered Primary Data Secondary Data Analysis and Findings of Data INTRODUCTION Real Estate is often inaccurately taken as a profession. However Real Estate is a business, not a profession. Profession applies science, act or learning to the use of others, the profit to the professor or person applying it being incidental while business is engaged in making profit and the profit is to the one who is engaged in the business. But whether real estate is a business or a profession has no connection at all with the body of ethics governing it. Every business can be conducted upon a plane ethically as high as the ideals of any profession, and the men who have been conspicuously successful in the real estate business have attained success because they have applied to their business the highest ideals of commercial fair dealing. This does not mean that there is any ethical requirement for the seller or the purchaser to give away anything which belongs to him, or for either one to disclose to the other his necessity for selling or his requirements for buying; but the barg ain having been made, it is absolutely necessary that it be lived up to by both parties, according to its intent; and, if there be any doubt of the intent of the bargain as it is expressed in writing, that the spirit of the transaction be carried out rather than that the catch words of a written instrument should govern. Cases are  frequent of men who to their own detriment perform the thing which they have promised to do although not legally obligated, and the bigger and more successful the man who makes the promise the more surely will it be carried out. Important obligations are often incurred upon the mere promise of a well-known man to sell an important piece of property at a definite price, although no legal and enforceable obligation exist; and the promise is always redeemed if it is made by a man who knows the business, and it is redeemed not merely from altruistic motives, but also for purely business reasons. Divisions of the business.—the principal divisions of the real estate business are investment, operation and agency. These differ from one another according to the aims of the persons engaging in them and the methods by which those persons expect to make their gains. To conduct either of the first two divisions of the business, investment or operation, actual money capital is required. The most important capital in the agency business is the good will of its customers, and that can be marketed, increased and made very valuable for investment. Investment is the employment of capital in the acquisition of real estate or interests therein for permanent ownership or actual use of the person acquiring it. Operation is the employment of capital in the acquisition or improvement of real estate or interests therein for commercial operations. Agency is dealing in or with real estate on behalf of others. Investment in real estate is generally made for either of two purposes : (a) To derive an income, (b) To hold for resale in expectancy of an increase in value. Investment for income may be for one of two purposes, (1) The derivation of rental—that is, the direct return for the use of real property for definite periods, or (2) The obtaining of income through others upon money lent on the security of real property. COMPANY PROFILE Piyush group has ventured into a wide range of aspects of Real Estate and construction. In the Indian real estate state of affairs, Piyush Group is indulged in development of Integrated Township, Group Housing Projects, and Commercial Mall.  In the world of Piyush Group people get to enjoy the Harmony of Nature, the culture and the people together. Piyush Group is a diversified group with a major presence in real estate development, construction and financial services. This group, has over two decades of experience, a strong technical base and financial standing was accorded the ISO 9001: 2000 certification. A recognition of its focus on international standards. Time bound delivery and top level quality is synonymous with this group which has a projected turnover of US $ 450 million. From integrated housing projects to commercial projects to business parks, Piyush group has ventured into various facets of real estate and construction. In the Indian real estate scenario, Piyush Group is involved in development of Integrated Township, Group Housing Projects, Commercial mall cum Multiplexes, Educational Institutions, Corporate and IT Projects. In Piyush Group, where the vistas are endless, we stands beacon like, leading the way and in the process make an effort to change the way people dream about their homes and establishments. Piyush Group visualizes a project in every major city of the National Capital Region (NCR). Residential Projects on the anvil include Integrated Townships in Palwal and Bhiwadi and a world class Group Housing Project (Piyush Heights) is under speed development spread over 17.5 acres (approx.) located at Sec 89, Faridabad. Commercial projects including Upcoming Business Park Global i being designed by the renowned architect Hafeez Contractor located on Mathura Road, Faridabad. With plenty more in the offering Piyush Group stands for its motto To deliver quality beyond ones expectations. Core Strength The core strength of Piyush Group is its experience professionals who bring in unique mix together of business and technology skills that help the group  to know business issues and opportunities and to achieve measurable output. In a very short period Piyush Group has made a mark. This achievement that Piyush Group has achieved is actually the sources of inspiration which keeps them going. The motto of their growth is to deliver quality beyond ones expectations and consider in keeping intact the essence of life as growth. Professionalism and awareness to detail, right from planning to implementation is an in-built quality of the entire team of qualified professionals that make up the most valuable resource of Piyush Group. Efficiency and Integrity is the keystone of this organization where energy of youth rubs shoulders with wealth of experience reflecting the creativity and progressiveness of the organization. The main strength of Piyush Group is their highly qualified and seasoned professionals, experts and advisors. They have an approach to provide real estate solutions sterns from pure professionalism, through knowledge of market trends, technical knows-how, utilization of world class construction methods and equipment. Piyush Group wealth is a rich vault of experience which grows with each new project implemented. Dedicated to details the gtoup covers every inch from planning to implementation to after sales. And periodically invest in research and development to keep updating the knowledge of consumer insight, technology and construction for an unmatched leverage in forecasting and planning for the future with hallmarked quality projects that meet expectations in designs, amenities and convenience. The efforts have earned the group recognition for international standards, globally. Vision Mission VISION: Piyush Group foresees to transform dreams into reality. Its vision is to create residential and commercial establishments across all stratum of society and eventually facilitate to excel in the essence of life! The endeavor is to develop the lives and aspirations of people and enhance their quality of life and work. MISSION: To regenerate the essence of life To provide to customers needs of today and to percieve and provide for tomorrows needs. To provide value for money high returns on investment. To focus on strategic growth through existing and forthcoming projects. To stick on to internationally accepted benchmarks in real estate development and construction Principles Guidelines The Essence of Life: The core fundamental principle that governs our endeavors. And which simply defined translates into following: To formulate a cohesive effort in improving and inspiration of people. To provide to the needs of today to predict and provide for the needs of tomorrow. To give value for money high returns on investment. To support the virtues of transparency in dealings, honesty and integrity. To build long lasting relationship with business partners, clients and customer. To generate innovative real estate projects via a unique blend of business acumen, technology skills. To deliver the epitome of high quality on a timely basis. To our customers before our projects and not vice versa. Piyush Group Projects Group Housing Piyush Heights Commercial – Piyush Business Park, Piyush Global I, Piyush Mahendra Metropolitan Mall Group Housing Group Housing 1) Piyush Heights: Overview: Envisaged as an amalgam of world class infrastructure and aesthetic environs this Group Housing project spread over 17.5 Acres (approx.) located at Sec 89, Faridabad offers a combination of 1086 apartments. Facilities like a fully equipped gymnasium, clubhouse, swimming pool, etc. are luxuries that come with the offering. This residential complex promises peace of mind with it’s hi-tech security, power backup and still parking space. Salient Features Being designed by leading architect M/S R.K Associates Green Area Exotic Landscaping and open area Provision for visitors Car parking Surrounded by Prominent Educational and Health Care institutes Building Design for earthquake resistance Parking in stills and open Why to invest One of the most talked about project in Faridabad. It is situated in the Heart of Greater Faridabad; only 5 minutes drive from proposed Noida express way. Nearly 8 kms from South Delhi Best of the amenities being provided at a very competitive price Bank loan facility available Lot of corporate houses employs have also invested in our project Bank Loan facility Available from: Can Fin Homes Ltd (sponsored by canara bank), Duestsche Bank, DHFL Commercial Projects 1) Piyush Global I Overview A symbol of dynamism and growth, Globai I is a world-class IT Project at Faridabad. From an incredible architectural style to the breathtaking views outside, working here in intended for people who seek to be associated with a vibrant community of like-minded individuals. Its hi-tech offices exude sophistication and elegance, and provide a fitting ambience for those who enjoy being in the midst of all the action. Stay ahead of competition. Work better. Meet deadlines earlier. Make smooth transactions a daily routine. And to its end, Global I offers varied infrastructure which makes all this easily possible. Salient Features Centralised Air conditioning (Bluestar) 12% assured return on investment Strategically located at the Main NH-2 Total area of 3, 50, 000 sq.ft. (Approx) Designed by the renowned architect, Hafeez Contractor Proximity to the upcoming metro station . Only 20 minutes from the proposed Noida Expressway 25 minutes drive from Delhi* Hassel-free working environment Health Club Spa Cafeteria Centralised RO water supply 3 level basement parking Designed on the pattern of environment friendly green building NH-2 going to six lane soon IMT Faridabad is just 5 min drive Approx. 1km drive from Commercial sector -12 ATM 2) Piyush Mahendra Metropolitan Mall (Commercial Project) Overview A Joint venture with Sh. Mahendra Pratap Singh (Cabinet Minister – Haryana Govt.) The world of fashion brands cuisines beckons you, now bigger and better. Piyush group presents a magnificent investment opportunity in the industrial city of Faridabad, The MetropolitanMall. Designed to be the finest corporate and retail destination, The Metropolitan Mall is perfect for those who wish to invest in this booming real estate market Salient Features Centrally air-conditioned Electrical Lighting System- Remote Controlled Heat reflective glass to reduce air conditioning costs Specifications as per international standards Designed as per Vaastu Feng Shui 24X7 security systems with CCTV Two level basement parking Fire Detection protection system. An ambience of multi specialty Cuisine Food Court . Piyush Mall is surrounded by artfully landscaped natural green environment. Situated in heart of Residential area Very good location as NIT and other residential area is nearyby 3) Piyush Business Park Overview A new era in the Business World , Piyush Business Park is being designed by the world-renowned Architect Hafeez Contractor. Piyush Business Park has architectural marvel in glass and steel will be spread over an area of 2 lakhs sq. ft (approx.). and will be located on the Main Mathura Road, NH-2, Faridabad as figured in the road map displayed below. This business location promises to be the destination of corporate and business houses and will be  an amalgam of serenity and modernity. Piyush Business Park, a new ultra modern design of architecture consists of eight floors surrounded by artfully landscaped greenery with common basement two level parking for nearly three hundred vehicles. It will house MNCs like Insurance, Banking, FMCG, Consutling IT/ITES etc. The platforms and infrastructure supporting services are being carefully engineered and designed to provide the best quality of service at the highest levels of availability and in harmony with customer expectations and global standards. Quality construction material is being used which includes tiled floor finishes, stone countertops throughout the area. Piyush Business Parks will thus provide the most extensive and comprehensive portfolio of structured connectivity solutions available in the market today. Salient Features Electrical Lighting System- Remote Controlled. Heat reflective glass to reduce air conditioning costs. Specifications as per international standards. Designed as per Vaastu feng Shui . Hi-Tech commercial arena and world class futuristic amenities. 24X7 security systems with CCTV. Two level basement parking. Fire Detection protection system. An ambience of multi speciality Cuisine Food Court. Business Park Surrounded by artfully landscaped natural green environment. Dedicated space for auto car showroom Proposed Metro connectivity NH-2 going to six lane soon Current Scenario of Real Estate Business The crucial sector of our economy is the real estate sector as it has huge multiplier effect on the economy and therefore it is known as the big driver for economic growth. After agriculture, real estate sector is the second largest employment generating sector. It is growing at a rate of about 20%  per annum and this sector has been contributing about 5-6% to India’s GDP. Apart from generating a high level of direct employment the sector also stimulates the demand in over 250 ancillary industries such as cement, steel, paint, brick, building materials, consumer durables and so on. Since 2005, the Indian real estate industry has been on a roller coaster ride. There has been a boom in investment and developmental activities after the government’s policy of allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in real estate sector. The sector has witnessed the entry of many new domestic realty players and also the arrival of many foreign real estate investment companies including private equity funds, pension funds and development companies entered the sector lured by the high returns on investments. The real estate sector has also been through many highs and lows. The industry achieved new heights during 2007 and early 2008. In beginning of 2007, there was formidable growth in demand, substantial development and increased foreign investments. However, by mid 2008, industry took a ‘U’ turn due to the global economic slowdown and inflow of FDI into real estate dropped significantly which at one point of time was seen as one of the most promising markets for foreign investments experienced a downturn. Financial Support to the Sector FDIs attracted by the housing and real estate sector in the Financial Years 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 are 8.9%, 10.3% and 11% respectively, of the total FDI in India. However the financial year 2010-11 there was sheer 6% FDI in the sector. In the year 2010 the Indian real estate sector regained its charm after the darkness and recessionary pressures experienced in the year of global downturn. With the aim of focussing on ‘affordable housing’ the sector has crunched the financial downturn it has experienced. The sector still has the huge potential to attract FDI in its various segments. The focus on ‘affordable housing’ helped the sector tide over the financial crunch it had witnessed. There is no doubt that the sector holds huge potential to attract FDI in its various segments. The real estate sector requires joint support from both industrial sector and the Government to make further progress. On the one hand, the industry should work towards increased transparency, clear land titles, improved delivery and project execution while on the other hand the Government must provide fiscal  incentives to developers to build low cost and affordable housing for the masses and also review the existing FDI guidelines for investment and development in Indian real estate so that there can be an increase in the flow of foreign capital into the sector. Challenges faced by the Real Estate Industry The challenges that are faced by Indian real estate industry are as follows: Lack of clear land titles, Absence of title insurance, Absence of industry status, Lack of adequate sources of finance, Shortage of labour, Rising manpower and material costs, Approvals and procedural difficulties. Traditionally Real Estate sector was unorganized nowadays it is slowly evolving into a more organised one as the sector has started embracing professional standards and transparency with open arms. The Indian Real Estate sector has both majorly established domestic players and international players. Some of the examples of the major established domestic players in the sector are DLF, Unitech, Hiranandani Constructions, Tata Housing, Godrej Properties, Omaxe, Parsvanath, Raheja Developers, Ansal Properties and Infrastructure and Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd to name a few. International players like Hines, Tishman Speyer, Emaar Properties, Ascendas, Capitaland, Portman Holdings and Homex have made a name for themselves in India. The Road Ahead Since real estate reaching a point of saturation in developed countries and the demand and prices falling, global real estate players are looking at emerging economies such as India for tapping opportunities in real estate. Therefore Indian Real Estate Sector has a huge potential of consistent FDIs. As India has strong economic fundamentals and demographic factors so Indian real estate will stay attractive and also there is a high level of global uncertainty looming over the developed and developing nations of the world. Developed economies are still struggling to regain their growth momentum  which will allow developing countries including India and China to grow at a reasonably high rate. The opportunities in Real Estate sector in coming years will also help to attract global players to India and hence will assist the industry to mature become more transparent, improve management and adopt advanced construction techniques (Link 1). Growth prospect of Real Estate Business in NCR Real Estate business in NCR which is witnessing a setback these days will regain its lost momentum with the boost in the economy. Government is taking measures to capitalize on the capabilities of the real estate and infrastructure sector by supporting the private public partnership (PPP) model not only to boost the infrastructural activities in NCR also to bring back growth and to deliver to its citizens. The strategy involves contributions from public and private sector which will revamp the city’s environs. NCR is seemed popular as an investment destination as the destinations like Connaught place is emerged as the fourth costliest commercial office market in the world. Moreover the rental values in central business district (CBD) rose by 20 percent in one year mainly due to lack of availability of quality space, no new supply prevailing high demand. Commercial activity apart from Delhi CBD is mainly concentrated in the prominent locations of NCR (mainly in Faridabad, Noida and Gurgaon) enjoys superiority as a choice of business destinations. In addition to above, the new and the upcoming corridors along Gurgaon and Noida like Yamuna Expressway, Noida Expressway, Dwarka Expressway have led to tremendous increase in the Real Estate Projects both commercial and residential from all major real estate groups in the past few months and will continue to attract more players of real estate. The other major corridors like Faridabad-Noida-Gurgaon (FNG) Expressway, Southern Peripheral Road and Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway are seeing prominent real estate projects developments and their popularity will also lead to more investment in NCR. Capital value of the residential realty market has also increased due to factors like amenities, travel time to commercial districts, connectivity to various parts of the city and quality of public transport and infrastructure. There has been 14 to 29 percent appreciation in residential property market of South-East Delhi, South-Central, Gurgaon and Faridabad in  a year. Rent is also showing stability across all markets in the last quarter (Link 2). Why Faridabad has a Greater Scope for Realty development Faridabad, an industrial hub of Haryana, is now considered one of the best bets for safe living in the NCR. With improving infrastructure, Faridabad has transformed into a booming economic warehouse, and, a recent study has projected this old industrial city as the countrys city of the decade 2011-21 (Link 3). Bibliography (1) http://www.ficci.com/sector/59/Project_docs/real-eastate-profile.pdf (2)http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-05/news/38306514_1_realty-market-noida-expressway-dwarka-expressway (3)http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-01/news/33535418_1_ncr-cities-service-industries-medium-and-large-industries

Wsh Policy And Objectives At Azura

Wsh Policy And Objectives At Azura AZURA Chemical was established in 2009 and is situated in the Jurong Island, Singapore. It has a staff strength of 50 people. The company is a manufacturer of Ethoxylated Surfactants. Their main products are Ethoxylate Surface Active Agents; Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters; Polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oils; Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers. The company core values are. We believe and value open communication at every level in the organisation. We encourage creativity and challenge the Status Quo. We endeavor to respect every Individual by fostering a trusting environment and treating each person equal. Internal Factors The 3 Internal Factors are. 1. Current WSH Policy 2. Feedback from Internal Audit and Management review meeting. 3. Organisational WSH cultures. The WSH policy statement was to drive the company mission and objectives toward achieving its Environmental, Safety, Health and social responsibility. The company administered the policy via its policy deployment process by scheduling monthly communication meeting with staff and the Managing Director of the company took the personal responsibility to communicate the company policy. The Feedback from Internal Audit and Management review meeting was to put in place corrective and preventive actions plan and monitor the effectiveness of the current and new control measures put in place. It also act as a continuous improvement cycle to continually improve its Safety and Health objectives by review and making changes to its policy statement and objectives. They achieved this through their bi-yearly internal audit and 6 monthly management review meeting chair by their Managing Director. . Organisational WSH cultures. The company started the program to drive a culture shift by adopting a proactive instead of being reactive mindset in the areas of Safety and Health. Previously, program was only put in place only after a near missed and an accident situation. The procative program put in place are a weekly surveillance by management team walk-about. The senior management team basically walk through the factory and identify best practices, improvement areas and communicating with people on the shopfloor to better understand their concern in the areas of Health and Safety. The feedback are discussed during their monthly management meeting and the result or actions plan are posted in the notice board as a form of communication with their employee. External Factors The 3 External Factors are. Changes in Legal requirement. Trend in industrial practices United Nation / International labour Organisation directives. 1. Changes in Legal requirement. With the changes made to the WSH (SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND AUDITING) REGULATIONS 2009, PART III SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Implementation of safety and health management system 8.-(1) It shall be the duty of the occupier of every workplace specified in the Second Schedule to implement a safety and health management system for the purpose of ensuring the safety and health of persons at work in the workplace. Workplace safety and health audit 9.-(1) It shall be the duty of the occupier of any workplace specified in the Third Schedule to appoint a workplace safety and health auditor to audit the safety and health management system of the workplace at a frequency as specified in the Third Schedule. In order to comply with the regulation, the company have to engaged an External consultant to establish and develop the SHMS system based on SS 506 Part 3 ( SHMS for chemical industries). Thereafter, the company has to engaged an MOM approved SHMS auditor to do an audit on the company system. 2. Trend in industrial practices. Very Often, change in industrial practice or Best Practices influence the company WSH management system and control. Example are Technical Advisory from the WSHC which formulate and set-up new or updated Safety guideline for the general industry. The company will therefore need to update it management system, make changes to its internal procedures such as SWP and follow-up with the latest need for training to its employee. 3. United Nation / International labour Organisation directives. The Globally Harmonized System (GHC) was initiated at the UN Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It aims, amongst other goals, to harmonize the classification and the hazard communication elements of chemicals (labeling and safety data sheets). The direct impact on Industry, end user and the implementation time frame for Singapore supplier, manufacturer and end-user. With the new directive, the company will need to implement new labeling format for all its Chemical Label to be pasted on all its container / drum before making delivery to all its customers by 2012. Changes will be made to its internal processes such as work and packaging procedures and changes to its OHS/WSH management system Current Policy OSH POLICY Azura Chemical Pte Ltd is committed to complying with all applicable Environmental, Health and safety Act and practices, including the commitment to meet or exceed applicable legal and other requirements, to strive for continual improvement in our OSH management system, and to minimize/eliminate safety and Health hazards. We will, therefore, manage our processes, our materials and our people in order to reduce Safety Hazards and Health impacts associated with our work. We pledges to implement and operate the SHMS Management System to further enhance safety and health performance. Our main objectives are to: Establishing current and long-term goals to provide the necessary guidelines for continuous improvement of occupational safety and health. Publishing HSE objectives, activities and performance data as part of our OHS Risk Communication efforts. Working toward ZERO Accident Rate. Improving the overall working condition in Safety and Health. This policy will be communicated to all parties interested in the performance of our OSH management system. Signed: Azio Suzuki Date: 1 Feb 2009 Managing Director After reviewing the current policy, it will be beneficial for the company to demonstrate its commitment to the objectives i.e. How are they going to achieve them? We therefore will make some recommended by adding a commitment to achieve the objectives The additions are: We will meet theses commitment by : To establish current and long-term goals to provide the necessary guidelines for continuous improvement of occupational safety and health. To publish Occupational, Safety and Health (OSH) objectives, activities and performance data as part of our OHS hazard and risk communication efforts. To provide our employee with the appropriate education and relevant training they need to better understand their OHS roles and responsibilities. To hold every employee responsible for their own action that otherwise will impact the life of others, the overall health, safety and the environment we operate in. To take and make every effort and to work toward ZERO Accident Rate. To commit and Improve the overall working condition in Safety and Health. Identify and look into the relevant organisational structure/s essential in the alignment implementation of the WSH policy. (PC2.1, UK11) The company WSH come under the responsibility of the EHS Director and he report to the Corporate EHS Director and dotted line to the Managing Director. Under the leadership of the EHS director, the Safety and Health steering committee provide the guidance to overall deployment. The WSH officer get the directive from the steering committee and act as the liaison officer for all HSE.OHS matters and program. The WSH structure consist of 6 main function i.e. EHS Director, Human Resources, WSH officer, Facilities, Manufacturing and the Safety Committee / EHS . EHS Director. The EHS director works with the corporate EHS in setting all OHS policy, Safety and Health deployment , drive and monitor and review all the OHS performance indicators. WSH Officer. The officer works under the supervision and directive of the EHS director to implement, monitor and follow-up on all OHS matters and update key safety performance indicators monthly. He also chair the monthly safety inspection and meeting. He also provide expert advise to the director and staff. He works closely with the HR training department in formulating training programs. Together with the HR training executive, they perform and conduct Job safety and training needs analysis. Human Resources ( Training and Admin support) The HR department is assigned the role to support the WSH programs and arrange for external training need and also conducting in-house safety awareness induction program for all new employee. It also provides the administrative support, maintain documentation and manage the training programs for the company. The HR officer also work closely with the finance department to ensure funds are made available to implement and promote the WSH training. Manufacturing and Operations Work closely with WSH officer to conduct regular safety and health inspection and to identify any hazards in the workplace. Is also responsible to conduct and review all Risk Assessment for all the activities under their control. Responsible to establish Safe Work procedures (SWP) and enforce/monitor all Permit to work (PTW) system. He also support the company plant-wide SHMS management system and to ensure conformity to the policy ad procedures. Participate and support training requirement and planned program. Facilities. The facilities department manages all facilities support and equipment maintenance program to ensure machines and equipment are safe to operate. It also support and monitor all the fire fighting equipment and to ensure the equipment are maintained and comply with the relevant bodies such as SCDF. Assist the manufacturing department in evaluating purchase of new machineries and equipment in meeting safety and Health requirement before they are brought into the factory. Conduct and review all RA within the scope of facilities activities. Monitor and update any process change to comply with Health and safety requirement. Safety Committee ( Chairman and committee members) The committee under the leadership of the chairman and the guidance of the WSH officers perform and carried out all the objectives set by the Steering committee and perform daily, weekly and monthly WSH activities. Activities such as weekly or monthly Safety inspection, participate in the monthly Safety meeting. The WSH chairman sits in the Steering committee meeting to provide feedback, participating in formulating policy and objective and coordination work. Emergency Director ( SMC) The Site Main Coordinator (SMC) acts as the Emergency Director in an emergency situation. His role is to coordinate with the Site Incident Coordinator (SIC), the emergency team members and the SCDF. Site Incident Coordinator (SIC) The SIC role is to manage and coordinate the emergency response team in Fire fighting, mitigating a chemical spill and rescue operations, the First aid team, Evacuation and fire warden teams and communicate and updating the SMC on the emergency situation and status on a regular basis. Emergency Response Team. The emergency response team members are responsible for to any emergency situation such as chemical spill, fire /explosion. They have been trained to mitigate, perform rescue if situation permit and to contain any emergency situation when it arise. Environment Hazardous Substance Committee. The committee members are responsible for managing, evaluating and management control of all the hazardous chemicals bought into the premise and storage. They are also responsible in drafting SWP for safe handling of chemical and storage based on SDS documents and industry best practices, CP and standards. They are also responsible to manage environmental issue such as emission, waste disposal and any environmental impact study. They act as an advisor to the ESH director, steering committee, WSH offices and employee for all Environmental, safety and Health such as policy, control, training and procedures Organisational programme for stakeholder awareness and involvement. (PC2.3, UK6, 13, 20) Ways to engage and motivate stakeholders in the change process within organisational structure and system. (UK14, 17) Establish the strategies for implementing WSH policy. (UK15) 14. Establish the impact and the resources required for implementation, prior to finalizing the changes. (PC2.5, 3.5, UK27, 28) Types of Programmes Description of Programmes Implementation of Programmes Short Long Term Impacts 1. Near Missed / Incident campaign The objective was to raise the safety awareness level of all employees and to encourage employee to feedback safety hazards while at work. With the campaign, the company hopes to move away from the RE-ACTIVE mindset ( Act only when an incident occurs) to a PROACTIVE attitude by getting every employee to be proactive and be aware of their working environment and be safe at work. A Near Missed Safety campaign to be launched by the Managing Director for a period of 3 months to get employee to be participative in identified hazard in the workplace. Forms (Feedback card) were printed and place at 8 different locations for employee to write their feedback. The WSHO was appointed to collect back all the feedback cards and review them for actions, award score and compile a weekly summary. The summary of the results were posted in the communication board to reflect the number of submission, individual and department scores. Awards were presented by the MD at the end of every month. It was awarded to individual and department for Best Individual and Best supporting department with the most submission. Financial Budget for the Reward; 3 months period was. Individual $100 Department : Trophy. Awareness Level. Lost in work productivity as staff will be away and higher cost due to overtime to cover loss hours. The short term impacts were that the safety awareness level was raised at every level in the organization, Rank and file. Getting people to act on the hazard immediately rather than later. People: Mindset changes. Reduction in Accident rate The long term impact is the positive culture mindset change based on Proactive rather than Reactive. Safety Hazard identification and risk control consideration can be built into every activities and planning / thinking process rather than fixing the problem after the implementation stage. Types of Programmes Description of Programmes Implementation of Programmes Short Long Term Impacts 2. Safety Training Programme. The safety program focus on the Hazard identified during the Risk Assessment (RA). There are: Material Handling such a forklift and pallet truck. Pen knife safety. Understand SDS with regards to PPE and risk control such as chemical spill and on the proper use chemical spill kit. Manual handling. Proper lifting technique. The safety committee members appointed to take charge of safety training were involved in preparing the training material with the help of the WSH officer and training consultant. The training were schedules monthly for all the relevant staff involved in the activities identified. The training was conducted by the WSH officer. Staff has to take a short assessment on 20 questions and pass the test. Employee attending the session was required to sign in the training log. A refresher course was also planned (within 1 month) for those who did not manage to pass the prescribe assessment test. Short Term impact. Lost in work productivity as staff will be away and higher cost due to overtime to cover loss hours. The staff safety awareness level with regards to potential Hazard in their own workplace was raised and they will able to communicate with their colleague and supervisor. The long term impact are : Reduction in Accident rate as staff will be more competent. Boost staff morale. Staff are more responsible toward taking ownership when safety is a concerns, They are able to identify safety hazard and contribute ideas on safety mitigation and hazard elimination. 3. Safety awareness exhibition. The objective to schedule a safety and Health exhibition was to raise the awareness of the industries safety trends and development. The exhibits on displayed gave the employee an visual view of the various safety hazard and the types of control measures available. The WSHO and the safety committee training team member make arrangement to have Workplace Safety Council and National Fire and Civil Emergency Preparedness Council (NFEC) organization to showcase their Fire, Safety and Health program. The fee for the external provider was set at $500 for the entire exhibition week. Short-term impact. Time away from productive work. Employee is aware of what some of the external organisation are dong to promote Safety At Work. Long Term impact. Boost Morale and Reduction is the incident rate. Staff will be able to continually understand and see safety is part of their activities at work and at Home. 4. Permit to Work System. PTW The objective in implementing the PTW system was to manage and control risk. The PTW system applied to the following activities. 1, Hot work. 2. Work at Height. 3. Confined Space. 4. Lock Out Tag Out LOTO The WSHO is responsible to authorize with the approval of the Senior manager in all activities listed in the PTW system The programs are mandatory under the WSH regulations. WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2009. WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 16 2006. WSH ( SHMS Auditing) 2009 Short-term impact. Work Productivity will be affected as procedures need to be adhered to before works are permitted. Long Term impact. Most of the incident related to Hot-Work, Work at Height, Confined space will be reduced or eliminated due to effective control measured put in place. Advantages and benefits of having positive WSH culture in the implementation of WSH policy. (UK18) The benefits of driving towards a positives culture, i.e. attitude and mindset changes are: Raising the level of Safety awareness and becoming increasing informed. Taking personal responsibility and accountability in safety when at work. Take proactive step in hazard identification and suggest action to eliminate or minimise the risk exposure. People tend to think or see Safety as the sole responsibility of the Safety officers or the Safety and Health Manager. They are added to supervise and enforced Safety and Health rules. Its their roles to ensure Safety at the workplace. With a culture shift and a positive mindset, Safety is EVERYONE responsibility. Safety is MY responsibility. As an employee, I have to think Safety at all time when performing my task. When employee takes responsibility for his work safety, he will be committed to ensure he does not endanger himself and others while at work. Establish regular and effective review process of WSH policy and objectives. (PC3.1) The main purpose of any review is to align, update and ensure all the information is still relevance. The process involving going through the company current OHS policy, set objectives, corrective and preventive actions identified and put in place. Secondly it is for the purpose of continuous improvement in safety and health matters. This is necessary due to the facts the environment we work in are changing all the time. Action or plan can be ineffective due to changes in the process, equipment, technology or Legal legislation / requirement or other requirements such as code of practice and standards. By adopting a PDCA ( Plan, Do, Check, Act) model, we repeat the cycle and continually working towards sustainable improvement at all time. The periodic Management review can be schedule either quarterly or after an internal audit. The frequency of the review are as follows: Safety Performance Indicators. Monthly Review No of Reported Near Missed / Incident. eg :Loss Time Incident rate (LTIR). OHS Policy Review. (Management Review Meeting) Bi-Yearly ( Every 6 months) Safety Gap Status Review: Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA). Every 3 months. Determine the relevant information to be collected for reviewing. (PC2.4, 3.2, UK23, 24, 26) 13. Involve stakeholders in the assessment of necessary changes to existing policy and objectives. (PC1.4, 3.4 UK8, 25) Name of Information / Assessment Description Freqency/Duration of review Person in-charge 1. WSH Inspection Report. To identify any safety gap or safety violation during the walk-about by the appointed Safety committee members on a monthly schedule. To follow-up on corrective and preventive actions identified and timely close-out all identified hazard. WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations 2008 Monthly WSHO / Safety Chairman. 2. OHS Safety Performance Indicators. The safety performance indicator established for the years such as: No of accident / Near missed / Total Loss time. ( LT ) Loss Time Incident Rate ( LTIR ) Severity Rate. ( SR ) Every 3 months. EHS Manager Name of Information / Assessment Description Freqency/Duration of review Person in-charge 3. Risk Assessment To conduct Risk Assessment prior to commencing of any work activities in the workplace. The risk assessment includes 3 critical areas such: Hazard Identification, Risk Evaluation and Risk Control. Any High risk identified must be reduced to Low or Medium before work can start. If risk cannot be reduce to an acceptable level, SWP must be put in place to minimize the risk level. Reference : WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 Every 3 years. Or When there are changes to the process or an incident has occurred. WSHO / Department Manager/ Top Management 4. Quarterly Safety Management Review Report. The quarterly summary of the Safety Inspection report. The purpose of the summary report was for management to review safety gaps identified, status of the corrective and preventative actions Plan. (i.e. closed or pending action) To review resources and budget to fix safety gaps identified during the monthly safety inspection. Quaterly EHS Manager. 5. Safety and Health Management System. SHMS Audit report The SHMS internal and external reports are used for the purpose of continuous improvement activities. To determine whether the company current OHS policy and objectives need to be aligned with the organisation Safety and Health Management System (SHMS). The external auditor reports are use by the company for the purpose of identifying safety lapses and system weakness. During the OHS/WSH policy review meeting, management must take into consideration the Auditor comments and recommendation in order to ensure the policy can be response to the changes needed to improve. Every 6 months EHS Manager and SHMS Management Representive (MR) 15. Document and communicate to relevant stakeholders the changes in policy arising from review. (PC1.6, 3.6, UK16, 30) Documentation Record keeping, communication are necessary for the purpose of compliance to WSH Act such as WSH 1 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006 2 WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 3 WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations 2008 4 WSH (Safety and Health Management System and Auditing) Regulations 2009 Occupational Health 1 WSH (First-Aid) Regulations 2006 2 Factories (Medical Examinations) Regulations 1999 3 Factories (Noise) Regulations 1997. The other purposes of record keeping and communication are for monitoring and surveillance of ill health due to exposure to hazard. Any employee identified during the surveillance will be put through counseling such as suspected or confirmed NID case. For employee working in an environment where the identified hazard was radiation will be assigned other duties when the permissible exposure limit; PEL has been exceeded. The 5 WSH documentation are: Monthly Safety Inspection Report and Monthly Safety meeting minutes. Safety and Health Training Records. Risk Assessment Activities Inventory list and Risk Assessment (RA) Health Surveillance and Monitoring. ( Cyanide exposure, X-ray, Audiometric-NID ) Noise monitoring record ( Internal and Boundary Noise) Communications The 3 main type of communication that are employed by the company are: Safety Notice Board. Quarter Safety News Letter. Video display. The Safety Notice Board. The boards are used to communicate, safety inspection report, Safety meeting minutes, WSH bulletins from WSH council, MOM News alert and Safety and Health performance indicators such as No of Incident case, Loss Time Accident Case, Severity and Frequency rate. 2. Quarterly News Letter. The New letter serves as a communication channel to : showcase interview with Safety personnel, Safety ideas, safety program update, Safety performance among various manufacturing sites worldwide. Corporate EHS news and directives. 3. Video Display. The Video Display are installed at the reception and Staff canteen areas for the purpose of communicating Safety and Health update and news to internal (staff) and external (visitor, suppliers) personnel . It also displayed the company Safety policy statements and commitment and monthly Safety Videos. List of Appendices

1930-1940 Essay -- Essays Papers

1930-1940 The 1930s brought a very turbulent time to the United States. As a result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the nation was experiencing a severe depression. There were hard class divisions dividing the nation. People were either extremely rich or extremely poor. The middle class simply did not exist (Bondi 97). On March 4, 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office with the promise of hope and relief for struggling Americans. Roosevelt followed up his promise for help with the New Deal, his plan to combat the depression. The New Deal involved the three R’s: relief, recovery and reform. It included measures concerning banking, securities, industry, and agriculture (Bondi 97). Roosevelt won reelection in 1936 and the economy was on an upswing thanks to the New Deal. However, in 1937-1938, the economy began to waver again. At the end of the decade, employment rates went up thanks to federal jobs. These federal jobs included workers building roads, bridges, and public buildings (Bondi 97). In addition, the rise of unemployment and the lack of job security brought on the rise of organized labor. When the Great Depression struck, only five percent of the workforce was unionized. However, when the decade ended that number nearly tripled and over ten million workers in the United States belonged to a labor union (Brittanica). During the 1930s the world experienced many hardships just as the United States. The Great Depression was not only a problem in the United States, but it was a global problem. In nineteen thirty-two, six million people were unemployed in Germany and three million in Britain (Freeman 3). These depressions may have led to the increase in dictatorships. Both Hitler and Stalin came into power in the 1... ...measures to ensure that women and men sat on opposite sides of the classroom while attending class together. Again, the mingling of men and women was a great concern to the University (Schweikart 9-10). Edith Wharton’s Roman Fever shows the perception of women in the 1930s. Women had just gained the right to vote, but in society the role of the woman had not changed much since the late eighteen hundreds. Women were still expected to be proper and remain pure and innocent. Roman Fever portrays these feminine qualities. Roman Fever has many of the same qualities as Henry James’ short story, "Daisy Miller." Both are written about women who ignore the rules that society has placed on them. It seems Edith Wharton was commenting on women who sinned and the consequences that they will face. In the nineteen thirties, women were to be proper and stay away from such dangers.

macbeth translation Essay -- essays research papers

Scene i: Play opens on eerie, macabre note in "an open place," where we see the three witches, the "weird sisters." In a dozen lines, they announce their evil nature by saying "Fair is foul,and foul is fair/Hover through the fog and the filthy air," and their intention to meet with Macbeth once the "hurly-burly" of a battle between the forces loyal to the King Duncan (led by Macbeth) and a rebels army (led by the current Thane of Cawdor) comes to an end. (Jump to the text of Act I, Scene i) Scene ii: At the camp of the Scottish King Duncan, a wounded officer tells the king and his son, Malcolm, about the heroism of Macbeth and his friend Banquo in the fight against the rebels. News shortly arrives that the battle has now been won. Duncan orders the execution of the captured Thane of Cawdor and then transfers this title and estate to Macbeth, the new Thane of Cawdor.(Jump to the text of Act I, Scene ii) Scene iii: Set on a heath, the three witches coven together again. They brag about their unnatural deeds and their powers over the supernatural world. Macbeth and Banquo appear on what Macbeth describes as an unusually, "foul and fair" day. The three witches predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor and ultimately king of Scotland, and that his cohort Banquo will never rule. Macbeth pleads with them for more information about his future, but they vanish. Two of the king's men (Rosse and Angus) tell Macbeth about his elevation to the position of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo are taken aback by the accuracy of the witches' prediction. For his part, Macbeth is by now inclined to believe that it is his fortune to become king. (Jump to the text of Act I, Scene iii) Scene iv: At Duncan's castle, the king, Malcolm and another of the king's sons, Donalbain, greet Macbeth and Banquo. Duncan announces that he will visit Macbeth at the new Thane's castle near Inverness, and then names his oldest son Malcolm as successor to the throne. Macbeth says that he will go to Inverness in advance to prepare for the king's arrival. But in a stage aside, Macbeth speculates that Malcolm is an additional obstacle to his attainment of the throne as prophesied by the witches. (Jump to the text of Act I, Scene iv) Scene v: At Macbeth's Inverness castle, Lady Macbeth reads a letter from her husband, in which he convey... ...ane. Macbeth realizes what this means in terms of the prophecies, but vows to fight on, still assured that no man born of woman can kill him. (Jump to the text of Act V, Scene v) Scene vi: Malcolm, Macduff and a lord of their party, Siward, prepare to assault the walls of Macbeth's castle. (Jump to the text of Act V, Scene vi) Scene vii: Macbeth appears in armor and kills Siward. He encounters Macduff and the two duel throughout the remainder of the scene. (Jump to the text of Act V, Scene vii) Scene viii: As the fight between them continues, Macduff tells Macbeth that he is not a "natural" product of his mother's womb, that he was prematurely ripped from it and (technically) is "not of woman born." Macbeth faces the challenge bravely, telling his foe to "Lay on, Macduff." Macduff does just that and kills Macbeth. Macduff appears carrying Macbeth's severed head and hails Malcolm as the new king of Scotland. Malcolm says that when he is crowned, he will make Macduff and his supporters Earls of the realm as they all celebrate the triumph over Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and the evil that they wrought in Scotland. (Jump to the text of Act V, Scene viii)

Compare and Contrast Hinduism and Christianity Essay

A. Christian and Hindu Hinduism is one of the oldest religions of the world. Its followers are called Hindus. Its largest following is found in India. Hinduism traces its roots to the Indus Valley civilization about 5000 years ago. It is an intermingling of the  Ã‚  Ã‚   religion of the nomadic Aryans (indo –European tribes) called Vedism and the more sophisticated indigenous Indian native beliefs and practices, often referred to as â€Å"Indus valley culture†(Famighetti, 1996, 654). It has no single founder or creed but drew on many traditions as it evolved. In spite of the fact that it was subject to many influences (a little Islam practices are incorporated into it) it stayed flexible enough to be the dominant faith of most people of India (Hammer 1982). After the Aryans, Hinduism went through many developments and in 1200 AD the religion was officially named â€Å"Hinduism† by the Muslim invaders. There is a minimal organization in Hinduism and an absence of creed particularly because Hinduism operates more as culture than a religion. The religion is so diverse in scope that it does not fit well into the western concept of religion but rather it leans more to a commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life, known as Dharma: eternal order, righteousness, religion, law and duty (Hammer 1982). In a much later time, a new kind of religious movement, Christianity, was founded around AD 30. Christianity is based upon the teachings of Jesus, a Jewish carpenter who resides in the Roman province of Palestine. He was a popular figure in that part of the world because he was known to perform many miracles of healing. His life and his teachings are found in the Bible– the first four gospels of the New Testament; Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. These gospels were written by diverse authors (excluding Jesus). Jesus Christ is believed to fulfill the prophecy of Messiah (a redeemer of the world) in the Old Testament. In fact, the main teaching of Christianity is that Jesus died on the cross to reconcile sinners back to God. He offers unconditional love and forgiveness to those who accepts him as Lord and Savior. He gained many followers especially after his â€Å"resurrection† and before long, amidst persecutions; Christianity became the official religion of the many provinces of the most powerful Empire in that era, Rome. At present, Christianity is embraced by many countries of the world (Crofton, 1991, 312-313). B.   Two characteristics of each religion The Christians believed in a Triune God; God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit. Although they are three, they are also considered as one (monotheistic). The Christian concept of Trinity is that God is one but manifested himself  Ã‚   in three ways, each with separate function. As God the father, he expresses himself as the Supreme Creator of everything, whether seen or unseen, as God the Son he expresses himself as God born as man (incarnation) with a mission to reconcile man back to God by dying in the cross as a sacrifice for sin, and as God the Holy Spirit he expresses himself as a spiritual Being who indwells Christian believers to impart to them the power and strength to overcome the trials and temptations while living on earth(Boettner , 1976 , 80-81 ). The Hindus, on the other hand believed in a supreme being (Brahman) who is thought to be present in all creatures and that, at the same time, creatures are also considered as part of him. They believed in many different gods and goddesses, but all are considered to be symbols and expressions of Brahman. Each deity can appear in many forms or incarnations. Their most important expressions or manifestations of Brahman are Brahma the creator, Shiva the destroyer and Vishnu the preserver (Crofton, 1994, 304). Although the west may consider the Hindu faith as polytheistic, Hinduism can be viewed as Trinitarian, one God in three major manifestations: Brahman, Vishnu and Shiva. However, Hindus can be accurately described as henotheistic; they adhere to the belief that gods and goddesses are facets, forms, manifestations, or aspects of the one supreme God (Perry, 1988, 230). The Christians also believed that man lived only once on this earth and after he dies he is destined to two places, Heaven or hell. Heaven is for those who lived a godly life on earth, who ask for forgiveness of their sins and acknowledge Jesus as their Lord and Savior. Together with God and his heavenly beings the â€Å"saints† will live a life of bliss forever.   Hell is the destiny of those who persisted in transgressing God’s established Law, revealed to man through the Bible, and to those who did not acknowledge Jesus as their Lord and Savior. They will be with the Devil forever and be tormented without end. Wherever he may end up, death eternally liberates man from a life on earth (Crofton, 1994, 312-313). The Hindus, on the other hand, believed that after a man die he would be reincarnated into another life depending on Karma. Karma can be understood most simply as the accumulated good and bad acts of man’s previous lives, which consequently determines his type of birth, length of life and kinds of experiences in the next life. Hindu concept of reincarnation is the continuous transfer of one’s soul from body to body. Hindus believed that good Karma assures a person of being reborn into a better life. A person with bad Karma may not be reborn in a human body, but perhaps as an animal or insect. In Hinduism, the goal is liberation from an endless cycle of rebirth (Perry, 1988, 230). B. Similarities and Differences between Each Religion’s Concepts of each of the two characteristics, Both religions are similar in their belief of a Triune God (although in Hinduism it cannot be accurately stated that they believe in Trinity because there are other lesser gods and goddesses that vie for worship).   In the two religions the first and second and third persons of the Trinity are similar; as God the creator, God the preserver and God as the destroyer.   However there are obvious and important differences in their characters or functions.   Brahma is considered a very impersonal God because he should not be disturbed by man in fulfilling his duties and obligations as a creator (Cory, 1986, 10). God the Father on the other hand longed to have a personal relationship with man and in fact many verses in the Bible expressed his desire to be man’s provider, sustainer and protector.   He even promised man that whenever man calls him, he would answer him (Thompson, 1983, 812). In the case of Vishnu he is so different from God the Son because of the fact that whenever dharma on earth is threatened Vishnu travels to earth in ten incarnations including as fish and tortoise (Crofton, 1994, 304). God the Son for his part traveled to earth only once to settle the issue of sin (which threatens whatever is good on earth) and to accomplish this mission he was born incarnate as full God and full human in the person of Jesus Christ only. Unlike Vishnu (who lived in milky waters of Vaikunth surrounded by thousands of hooded serpent) he lived a truly human life subject to all of its trials and temptations (McDowell, 1991, 271-276). Lastly, Hindus knew Shiva as a destroyer in a positive way; he destroys imperfections, illusions, desires, attachments, impurities and ignorance for the welfare of the world and those who inhabit it (Perry, 1988, 304). Although God the Holy Spirit can be an agent to dispense judgment on errors like Shiva, he is different from Shiva in the sense that his primary function is to empower men to live a godly life by indwelling in them so that they themselves will overcome whatever is negative in this earth (Thompson, 1983, 1112). Unlike the Brahman who can manifest himself in various forms and in innumerable gods and goddesses, the Christian God does not manifest himself aside from the three mentioned above (Thompson, 1983, 76). Also, while in Hinduism it is believed that all things are part of Brahman, in Christianity God is distinct from his creation. He does not in anyway appear as a fish or tortoise but may use his creation to advance his purposes through the exhibition of his power (Thompson, 1983, 646). With the case of the doctrine of the afterlife, both religions believed that there is life after death and this next life is made possible because of the existence of the immortal human soul. Both religions also believed that whatever man’s state will be in the afterlife is determined by the actions he had while living on earth. However, similarity ends here for both religions because surrounding this doctrine are many obvious differences. In Christianity, there are only two destinations, the good to heaven, and the bad to hell. The human soul is transported to these places and will permanently live there forever. There is no way that his eternal condition can ever be reversed or change. Also his death is the final liberation of human existence, there is no way that he will ever be born again either as man or in any other form. Moreover, his destination will determine whether he will be finally liberated from any human suffering or continue to live with it in eternity. If he ends up in heaven, then he will be liberated from suffering but if he ends up in hell, suffering will be his lot (Crofton, 1994, 312). In Hinduism, however, after the physical death, man is going to be reborn either to a better life or to a worse one depending on karma. Good karma enables him to be reborn to a better life, perhaps from a peasant to a king, or for a bad karma to a worse one from a peasant to an insect. Departed soul search and find out a body, where it can continue doing what ever it left off in the last life. The Hindus believed that as long as the ‘soul’ engages in egoistic and desire ridden actions, considering himself to be the doer of his actions, he will be forever subject to the cycles of birth and deaths and the laws of nature. The only way to be liberated from this endless cycle is to perform selfless desireless actions for humanity and to offer to God detached devotion and sacrifices, acknowledging him as the doer of all (Hammer 1986). This Hindu belief expresses the idea that a person can make up for whatever wrong he did while alive on earth and eventually end up liberated, unlike Christianity where a person can never undo what was done while his was on earth and the consequences of his actions in the afterlife can never be changed. D. Origin and Contemporary Expression of Each Characteristic. Tertullian was the first one to use the word Trinity in 215 AD when the early Christian church was facing a lot of doctrinal errors concerning the existence of God, as various heresies circulated (Cairns, 1967, 122). Although the word Trinity is not stated directly in the Bible nor explained thoroughly nevertheless it was amply implied. Trinity in fact was subject to controversy as it was humanly impossible to understand a â€Å"one God in three persons†. Early Christian scholars were forced to give this doctrine a careful thought and consideration through studying of the Biblical truths. The doctrine of the Trinity is widely accepted by the Christians of today, in fact, it is considered to be central to the Christian faith (Ryrie, 1972, 29).Today Christians make a statement of faith in Trinity through reciting the Apostles’ Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed. Celebrating the Trinity takes place the first Sunday after Pentecost. Christians expressed their faith in the Trinity by making the sign of the cross â€Å"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit† (â€Å"cross†, 2007, 1). But it must be remembered that the Christian concept of God is a monotheistic one. In Hinduism, the vague concept of Trinity is expressed in the Vedanta, a section of the Vedas (foundational scriptures of the Hindus). Vedas is believed to be revelations of God and its teaching are handed down from generation to generation through the gurus. Written Vedas were made around 500 years ago. But generally, the Hindu religion as a polytheistic one derived its concept of many gods also from the Vedas. Contemporary Hindus today visits Hindu temples to worship major Gods and local shrines to worship their local gods and goddesses (Perry, 1988, 230). The origin of the Christian doctrine of life after death, in Hell and Heaven is taken from the Bible. The writings, which eventually were gathered together and came to be known as â€Å"The Holy Bible†, were written over a period of 1500 years by more than 40 different authors living on 3 different continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). The first book of the Bible were believed to be written by Moses around 1450-1400 BC (Crofton, 1991, 312). The Christians today, just like those who had gone before them, do not expect their loved ones to live again after death except in the final bodily resurrection when Christ returns for the second time. They knew that the physical separation was final. They bury their dead (usually enclosed in a coffin) in a cemetery and visits regularly to pay their respect to the dead (Crofton, 1991, 311). The endless cycle of rebirth is known as Samsà ¢ra by the Hindus. The precise origin of the Indic belief in Samsà ¢ra is uncertain. However, it is a fact that the ancient culture of India celebrated cycles of nature and human –earthly fertility rhythms. The concept of rebirth may be derived from this. Nevertheless, no matter how samsara originated, the doctrine of rebirth became popular in India in the sixth century B.C. The contemporary expression of their belief in reincarnation can be seen in the cremation of their dead. It is believed that as the skull of the dead cracked upon burning in a funeral pyre, the soul of the dead is released for its rebirth in the next life. The ashes of the dead are cast upon the sacred waters of the Ganges River. Also, the Hindus never set a monument for the dead for the person continues life onwards; it is not shackled to the past (Perry, 1988, 231).

Poems by Blake and Wordsworth Essay

Two aspects of London as shown through a response to poems by Blake and Wordsworth. When comparing Blake and Wordsworth’s pieces, the respective perspectives of the authors should never be far from our thoughts. Whereas Blake lived in London his whole life and seldom ventured outside its borders, Wordsworth was a rural person whose only experiences of London came from short visits. Unaccustomed to the hustle and bustle of City life, Wordsworth led a comparatively relaxed existence which perhaps accounts for his romantic and gentile style. We should not be surprised to see that Blake, a frequenter of the less-desirable districts of the capital, offers a far more cynical portrayal of London. Blake’s poem is a social commentary which points an ugly finger at the industrialist pioneers and the flaws of Industrial society. Blake was a renowned radical of the era with far-reaching ideas. He uses many literary devices to impart his opinions upon his audience. This is superbly demonstrated when he writes: â€Å"I wander through each chartered street† The reference is a metaphorical reflection on Blake’s perception that anything and everything is for sale in an industrial society and, in particular, in its impoverished areas. Repetition is clearly employed when the piece claims: â€Å"In every cry of every man, In every infant’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear† The repetition could be equated with anything from the machinery at work in the factories and mills, to an assault of stabbing pain upon those suffering in poverty. Within the framework which Blake creates, the reader is left to determine his own idea of what the repetition may represent, and this is at the centre of the verse’s success. Irony is employed with great effect in the verse beginning â€Å"How the chimney-sweeper’s cry†. The author contrasts the poverty and ill-health of chimney-sweeps with the wealth of the church, and suggests that instead of helping the poor the church pays them a pittance to work in hazardous conditions. Irony often stands side by side with black humour, and both are well-demonstrated in this verse. The amusing of the reader with a subject which should not amuse serves to further draw them into the piece. In the latter part of the same verse, emotive comparisons are made between the plight of London’s less-fortunate and warfare. Blake’s use of the word ‘soldiers’ is no accident here; for soldiers are tools of war, and must have opponents. This leads the reader to ask: with whom are the ‘soldiers’ at war? As Marx foretold and the French Revolution demonstrated, the working classes and those controlling the means of production operate with opposing aims. Blake brings a new element of severity to the situation by suggesting that forces are at work against the poor subjects. INSERT LAST VERSE DISCUSSION HERE Wordsworth is blissfully unaware of the scenes which Blake paints. Indeed, Wordsworth’s London is so far removed from Blake’s that one is led to ask whether the two are writing of the same city at all. There is a significant period of time between the two which could arguably account for this; Wordsworth’s work being written before the Industrial Revolution and Blake’ at its height.